charlescrabtree.org/a paper, animated

Less WEIRD Than You Think

Behavioral science has a coverage problem: too much of it studies the same wealthy, Western few. A common reply is that going global is simply impractical. Is it?

crabtree — pnas 122, 2025

01 · the critique

Most of what we know is WEIRD

Much of behavioral science draws on samples that are Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic — WEIRD — and then generalizes to humanity. A frequent rejoinder is that doing better is infeasible, because online survey platforms cover too few places to reach the rest of the world.

02 · the claim

The tools already reach most of the planet

That infeasibility claim, the paper argues, is overstated. Existing commercial survey infrastructure already provides access to nationally representative samples in a strikingly large number of countries.

0
countries reachable via one existing platform (Lucid Marketplace)
03 · the comparison

Far broader than the usual suspects

That coverage is far wider than the platforms most researchers default to. Where MTurk and Prolific concentrate on a handful of wealthy countries, the broader marketplace spans over a hundred — enough to make a study substantially less WEIRD than the critique assumes.

Lucid Marketplace
110+
countries with access to nationally representative samples
MTurk / Prolific
a handful
concentrated in a few wealthy countries

the paper reports coverage of over 110 countries via Lucid — far broader than MTurk or Prolific; platform details are in the paper

04 · what it means

The excuse is thinner than it looks

If the infrastructure to study the world already exists, then a WEIRD literature is increasingly a choice, not a constraint. The paper hands researchers both the argument and the tools to make their work more representative of the species it claims to describe.

Crabtree, Charles. “Yes, You Can Do Global, Cross-Cultural Behavioral Science Research Using Existing Survey Firms.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2025.

read the paper →

the “110+” figure and platform comparison are drawn from the paper's abstract; full details and caveats are in the paper