Research
My working papers examine various aspects of intergroup relations and conflict. They primarily focus on measuring discrimination in new contexts and for understudied identity groups, developing more effective methodological approaches for measuring discrimination, and exploring ways to reduce it. A growing strand of this work uses AI and large language models as both research tools and subjects of inquiry.
My works in progress draw on my experiences in extreme poverty and primarily focus on understanding the attitudes (political and otherwise) of individuals facing food and housing needs, as well as what the public thinks of them.
Fundamental Needs Lab
My current work on class discrimination and fundamental needs is housed in the Fundamental Needs Lab, joining my personal experiences with my research on human rights and discrimination.
I also have some projects that examine disability discrimination, building on my years living in a group home for people with developmental disabilities and my work with the disabled community in Colorado. In addition to these substantive areas, I'm also working on methodological projects that introduce new ways of measuring discrimination, human rights, inclusivity, and other important social science concepts.
Working papers and manuscripts
Revise and Resubmit
(7 papers)1. Volha Chykina, Charles Crabtree, and Kiyotero Tsutsui. "Measuring rights and inclusivity across American universities." (Revised and resubmitted at Nature Human Behavior.) Methods Human rights
2. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Cecilia Hyunjung Mo. "Micro-inequities against Asian Americans: Evidence from a large-scale field experiment." (Revise and resubmit at American Political Science Review.) Discrimination
3. Andreas Wimmer, Bart Bonikowski, Charles Crabtree, Matt Golder, Kiyoteru Tsutsui. "The shadow side of rootedness: How geographic stability across generations increases radical-right attitudes." (Revise and resubmit at American Journal of Sociology.) Populism
4. Charles Crabtree, S. Michael Gaddis, John B. Holbein. "Local political party voting context moderates public school principals' levels of racial/ethnic discrimination." (Revise and resubmit at Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics.) Discrimination
5. Charles Crabtree and Yujin Woo. "Accepting migrants as fellow citizens: Evidence from a survey experiment in Japan." (Revise and resubmit at Japanese Journal of Political Science.) East Asia Discrimination
6. Charles Crabtree, Will Elliott, John B. Holbein, and Jayanth Uppaluri. "What does the public really want in college admissions?" (Revise and resubmit at Nature Human Behavior.) Class & needs Discrimination
7. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Kiyoteru Tsutsui. "The tyranny of alphabetical ordering: The uneven distribution of authorship credits by authors' country of origin." (Revise and resubmit at Journal of Informetrics.) Methods
Reject and Resubmit
(2 papers)1. Charles Crabtree, S. Michael Gaddis, John B. Holbein. "How should researchers signal race in correspondence audits? Considering the validity of names and photographs." (Reject and resubmit at Journal of Politics.) Methods Discrimination
2. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "Attention-check failure as a survey-level diagnostic of human participation in online surveys." (Reject and resubmit at Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.) Methods AI
Under Review
(20 papers)1. S. Michael Gaddis, A. Nicole Kreisberg, and Charles Crabtree. "Assessing immigrant generational status from names: Evidence for experiments examining racial/ethnic and immigrant discrimination." Methods Discrimination
2. S. Michael Gaddis, Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Steven Pfaff. "When access isn't equal: Racial discrimination and resource need in U.S. schools." Discrimination Class & needs
3. S. Michael Gaddis, Edvard Nergård Larsen, Charles Crabtree, and John B. Holbein. "Discrimination against Black and Hispanic Americans is highest in hiring and housing contexts: A meta-analysis of correspondence audits." Methods
4. Charles Crabtree, Trevor Incerti, Rieko Kage, Frances Rosenbluth, Seiki Tanaka, Hikaru Yamagishi. "Sexual harassment in Japan: Willingness to pay for best practices." Methods
5. Akira Igarashi, Charles Crabtree, and Yoshikuni Ono. "Beyond language proficiency: Understanding the role of national identification in shaping attitudes toward immigrants." Discrimination East Asia
6. Helen V. Milner, Duy Trinh, Kiyoteru Tsutsui, and Charles Crabtree. "Globalization and the great divergence in populist attitudes." Populism
7. Jayanth V. Uppaluri and Charles Crabtree. "Who deserves what? Disability policy and public opinion." Disability
8. Charles Crabtree, Kostanca Dhima, and Sona Golder. "Increasing the social and scientific returns of audit studies." Methods Discrimination
9. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "AI's democratizing potential in higher education." AI Teaching
10. Margarita Solntseva and Charles Crabtree. "Attention to women's rights in NGO press releases, 1996–2018: A curated, coded dataset of organizational attention to women and violence against women." Human rights Gender Methods
11. Charles Crabtree and Yujin Woo. "Public perceptions of return migrants in ethno-cultural East Asia: Evidence from survey experiments in China, South Korea, and Taiwan." East Asia Discrimination
12. Peter Chai and Charles Crabtree. "Japan's multiparty turn and the politics of exclusion: Gender, immigration, and the rise of Sanseito." East Asia Populism Gender
13. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, and Surili Sheth. "Do museums highlighting the experiences of minorities persuade visitors? Reducing biases against Asian Americans." Discrimination
14. Charles Crabtree, Amanda Graham, Mikhail Gronas, and Ainsley Morse. "Learning positionality: Insights from field-based political science education." Teaching
15. Charles Crabtree. "Using Notion as a portable course hub and syllabus platform." Teaching
16. Charles Crabtree. "Watching, noticing, and counting: Using YouTube gaming videos to build social inquiry skills in elementary classrooms." Teaching
17. Peter Chai and Charles Crabtree. "High awareness, low uptake? Generative AI and the social patterning of adoption in Japan." AI East Asia
18. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Bart Bonikowski. "Attention checks measure more than attention: Comparing class bias across survey quality indicators." Methods Class & needs
19. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and S. Michael Gaddis. "Shifting paradigms: Nine decades of identity and discrimination scholarship in academic research." Discrimination Methods
20. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "Attention-check failure as a diagnostic of human participation." Methods AI
Books in Progress
(2 books)1. Charles Crabtree. Explaining Discrimination: An Experimental Approach. Under contract with Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Elements Series. Discrimination Methods
2. Kiyoteru Tsutsui and Charles Crabtree. Human Rights in Japan. Human rights East Asia
Works in Progress
(Select projects)1. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "When protest moves money: Fiscal inertia and the threshold of collective action in local government spending." Protest & policing
2. Charles Crabtree, S. Michael Gaddis, and John B. Holbein. "How should researchers signal race and ethnicity in experiments?" Methods Discrimination
3. Charles Crabtree, Benjamin Moffitt, Bart Bonikowski, Kiyoteru Tsutsui, and Andreas Wimmer. "Measuring populism." Populism Methods
4. Charles Crabtree and Pete Hatemi. "Democratic disillusionment or partisan identity? Predicting authoritarian preferences in contemporary America." Populism
5. Pete Hatemi and Charles Crabtree. "The candidate no one chose: Perceived illegitimacy, abstention, and defection in the 2024 presidential election." Populism
6. Yuya Endo, Charles Crabtree, and Yoshikuni Ono. "Overcompensation or solidarity? Masculinity threat and support for female candidates." Gender East Asia
7. Charles Crabtree and Peter K. Hatemi. "Are we asking the wrong questions? Survey item design and measurement validity in American public opinion research." Methods
8. Charles Crabtree and Peter K. Hatemi. "Measuring authoritarian dispositions and democratic governance preferences: Scale development and validation of the PENS political psychology battery." Methods Populism
9. Ben Eltham and Charles Crabtree. "AI and visual arts practice: Evidence from the NAVA Survey 2025." AI
10. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "The nonviolence premium: Nonviolent protest and local policy response in the United States." Protest & policing
11. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "The nonviolence premium: Cross-national evidence." Protest & policing
12. Matteo Bonotti, Charles Crabtree, and Zareh Ghazarian. "Who wants fewer immigrants? Economic anxiety, education, and partisan sorting in Australian public opinion, 2013–2022." Populism Discrimination
13. Charles Crabtree. "Who reads the walls? English-language anti-Russian graffiti in Tbilisi." Protest & policing
14. Susan Carland and Charles Crabtree. "Reducing Islamophobia in the workplace: A two-phase field experiment." Discrimination
15. Lee Morgenbesser and Charles Crabtree. "Who's the boss: Measuring personalism and personality cults in dictatorships." Methods Protest & policing
16. Charles Crabtree, Kristen Kao, Kristian Vrede Skaaning Frederiksen, Jean Lachapelle, Milan Obaidi, and Tore Wig. "Improving the ethics of surveys on authoritarianism and political violence." Methods Protest & policing
17. Raimondas Ibenskas, Charles Crabtree, Sona N. Golder, Paulina Sałek-Lipcean, and Allan Sikk. "Electoral consequences of legislative party switching." Methods
18. Kiyoteru Tsutsui, Yao Xu, and Charles Crabtree. "It's the economy, populists! The micro-foundation of populism in 22 democracies." Populism
19. Ray Block, Charles Crabtree, Kostanca Dhima, Matt Golder, and Sona Golder. "Group consciousness, political attitudes, and political behavior: Conceptualization and measurement." Methods Discrimination
20. Ray Block, Charles Crabtree, Kostanca Dhima, Matt Golder, and Sona Golder. "Linked fate, political attitudes, and political behavior." Discrimination Methods
21. Kiyotero Tsutsui, Matthias Koenig, and Charles Crabtree. "From nationalism to multiculturalism? Constitutional provisions on ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity, 1789 to 2010." Human rights Methods
22. Quintin Beazer, Charles Crabtree, and Timothy M. Frye. "How does language use influence perceptions of discrimination? Experimental evidence from Estonia and Latvia." Discrimination
23. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, Maya Lu, Cecilia Hyunjung Mo, and Volha Chykina. "Beyond incomplete recognition: How university statements can be meaningful for students even without structural change." Discrimination Human rights
24. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, Maya Lu, and Cecilia Hyunjung Mo. "Measuring anti-Asian discrimination around the globe." Discrimination Methods
25. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Cecilia Hyunjung Mo. "Forever foreign? Differential linguistic assimilation standards for Asian immigrants." Discrimination
26. Akira Igarashi, Yoshikuni Ono, Hatsuru Morita, and Charles Crabtree. "Public demand for police discrimination: How misperceptions drive support for biased policing in Japan." Protest & policing East Asia Discrimination
27. Yuya Endo, Charles Crabtree, and Yoshikuni Ono. "Fooled by facial appearance: Candidate gender, facial dominance, and voter bias." Gender East Asia
28. Ali Çarkoğlu and Charles Crabtree. "The institutional geography of discrimination: Multi-domain perceptions of ethnic and sectarian minorities in Turkey." Discrimination
29. Charles Crabtree and Kiho Muroga. "Policy over demography: Gender, ideology, and candidate choice in Japan." Gender East Asia
30. Volha Chykina, Charles Crabtree, and Kiyoteru Tsutsui. "Student support for contentious policies on campus: A backlash against international human rights norms." Human rights Discrimination
31. Charles Crabtree, Alice Chong, Masanori Kikuchi, Erika Kojima, Atsushi Tago, and Katrina Zuluaga. "International pressure does not increase public support for anti-discrimination laws." Discrimination Human rights
32. Bart Bonikowski, Charles Crabtree, Matt Golder, Helen Milner, Kiyoteru Tsutsui, and Andreas Wimmer. "Measuring populism: Evidence from 22 countries." Populism Methods
33. Charles Crabtree and many others. "Addressing 'firstgen' issues in the field." Class & needs Teaching
34. Ray Block, Charles Crabtree, and Matt Golder. "Descriptive and substantive representation." East Asia Gender
35. Mo Gasmi, Helen V. Milner, Kiyoteru Tsutsui, and Charles Crabtree. "Economic dislocation and political discontent: Does manufacturing decline drive populism in Japan?" Populism East Asia
36. Mitsuhito Aso, Peter Chai, Charles Crabtree, and Atsushi Tago. "How costly are political scandals for women? Evidence from a conjoint experiment in Japan." Gender East Asia
37. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "Attention as a design parameter in survey experiments: ITT vs. attentive-only with sensitivity guidance." Methods
38. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "Stop designing for universal attentiveness." Methods
39. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "When the model changes: A simple drift audit for LLM-assisted research." AI Methods
40. Charles Crabtree. "Padlet for active learning in political science: AI-generated assignments, peer engagement, and exportable artifacts." Teaching
41. Charles Crabtree, Lucas Swaine, and Benjamin A. Valentino. "From syllabus to defense: A program-level blueprint for political science honors theses." Teaching
42. Charles Crabtree. "Can a shared history decrease ethnic discrimination? Experimental evidence from the former Yugoslavia and Japan." Discrimination East Asia
43. Charles Crabtree. "Extreme poverty and political attitudes: New survey evidence from South America." Class & needs
44. Charles Crabtree. "Teaching outside one's field: Reflections, practices, and tools for instructors." Teaching
45. Liana Eustacia Reyes, Jennifer Brick Murtazashvili, Dmitrii Kofanov, and Charles Crabtree. "Post-conflict constitution making: Causes and consequences for peace." Human rights Protest & policing
46. Charles Crabtree and Zarina Vakhitova. "Blue sentiment: Black Lives Matter protests and changes in law enforcement forum discourse." Protest & policing Discrimination
47. Charles Crabtree and Zarina Vakhitova. "Divided by the badge: How state political control shapes police communication strategies on social media." Protest & policing
48. Charles Crabtree and Ray Block. "How public opinion shapes discriminatory policing." Protest & policing Discrimination
Interested in collaborating? I'm looking for research partners on class discrimination, fundamental needs, and methodological innovation.