Publications

1. Charles Crabtree and John B. Holbein. "How Strong Is the Evidence for Peaceful Resistance? Not Very." Conditionally accepted at American Political Science Review. Protest & policing

2. Charles Crabtree, Mitchell Bosley, John B. Holbein, Semra Sevi. "Can AI help reduce prejudice? Evaluating the effectiveness of AI-powered personalized persuasion on support for transgender rights." Conditionally accepted at PNAS Nexus. [see it animated] AI Discrimination Gender

3. Steve Rathje, Nejla Asimovic, Tiago Ventura, …, Charles Crabtree, …, Joshua A. Tucker. "Testing the causal impact of social media reduction around the globe." Nature. Methods AI

4. S. Michael Gaddis, Natasha Quadin, Edvard Nergård Larsen, Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Nanum Jeon. "Intersectional discrimination: A meta-analysis of gendered racial discrimination and racialized gender discrimination using correspondence audits." Sociological Science. Discrimination Methods Gender

1. Tiffany D. Barnes, Charles Crabtree, Akitaka Matsuo, and Yoshikuni Ono. "Sentiment on the campaign trail: Gender differences in candidates' use of emotive language." Journal of Politics. DOI: 10.1086/741451 Gender East Asia

2. Charles Crabtree, Paul Christensen, Tom Le, Charles T. McClean, Lauren McKee, and Cindi SturtzSreetharan. "Demographic decline as an idiom of distress: Rethinking gender (in)equality in Japan." Japan Forum, 1–27. DOI: 10.1080/09555803.2026.2639984 East Asia Gender

3. Kiho Muroga and Charles Crabtree. "Are voters less likely to support politicians when they wear face masks?" Japanese Journal of Political Science, 26 (4): 319–333. DOI: 10.1017/S1468109924000082 East Asia

1. Adam Chilton, Kevin Cope, Charles Crabtree and Mila Versteeg. "Support for constitutional rights during crisis: Evidence from the pandemic." American Journal of Comparative Law. DOI: 10.1093/ajcl/avae035 Human rights

2. Charles Crabtree. "Yes, you can do global, cross-cultural behavioral science research." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2418102122 Methods

3. Paul Christensen, Cindi SturtzSreetharan, Charles Crabtree, and Charles T. McClean. "Selective Development Goals: Examining Japan's SDG implementation gaps." Social Science Japan Journal, 28 (2). DOI: 10.1093/ssjj/jyaf021 East Asia

4. Andreas Wimmer, Bart Bonikowski, Charles Crabtree, Zheng Fu*, Matt Golder, and Kiyoteru Tsutsui. "Geo-political rivalry and anti-immigrant sentiment: A conjoint experiment in 22 countries." American Political Science Review, 119 (2): 1018–1035. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055424000753 [see it animated] Populism Discrimination

5. Harunobu Saijo and Charles Crabtree. "Mass receptiveness to executive empowerment via emergency legislation during crisis." Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12 (519). DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-04703-4 Human rights East Asia

6. Reilly Olinger*, …, and Charles Crabtree, "Americans do not select their doctors based on race." Frontiers of Sociology, 8. DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2023.1191080 Discrimination

7. Yuan Zhou, Ghashia Kiyani, and Charles Crabtree. "Quantifying women's rights naming and shaming: A novel text-as-data approach." International Interactions, 51 (4): 689–707. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2025.2509971 🏆 APSA Human Rights Best Paper Award Human rights Gender Methods

1. Semra Sevi, Charles Crabtree and André Blais. "Do voters punish women politicians more?" American Politics Research, 52 (6): 701–708. DOI: 10.1177/1532673X241276420 Gender

2. Travis Curtice and Charles Crabtree. "Public opinion about election observers in the US: Evidence from a survey experiment." International Interactions, 50 (4): 567–592. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2024.2349922 Methods Human rights

1. Katherine Clayton*, Charles Crabtree, and Yusaku Horiuchi. "Do identity frames impact support for multiracial candidates? The case of Kamala Harris." Journal of Experimental Political Science, 10 (1): 112-123. DOI: 10.1017/XPS.2021.33 Discrimination Gender

2. Charles Crabtree, Jae Yeon Kim, S. Michael Gaddis, John B. Holbein, Cameron Guage*, and William M. Marx*. "Validated names for experimental studies on race and ethnicity." Nature Scientific Data, 10 (130). DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-01947-0 [see it animated] Methods Discrimination

3. Sean Long* and Charles Crabtree. "White candidate support continues amidst explicit and implicit white identity cues." Politics, Groups, and Identities, 12 (1): 257–276. DOI: 10.1080/21565503.2023.2266699 Discrimination

4. John B. Holbein and Charles Crabtree. "Do sleep disruptions promote social fragmentation?" Politics and the Life Sciences, 42 (2): 205–233. DOI: 10.1017/pls.2023.7 Methods

5. Flavio Azevedo, …, Charles Crabtree, …, and Waldir M. Sampaio. "Social and moral psychology of COVID-19 across 69 countries." Nature Scientific Data, 10 (272). DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02080-8 Methods

6. Volha Chykina and Charles Crabtree. "Education and public support for COVID-19 mitigation measures." Socius. DOI: 10.1177/23780231231159538 Methods

7. Kasey Rhee*, Charles Crabtree, and Yusaku Horiuchi. "Perceived motives of public diplomacy influence foreign public opinion." Political Behavior, 46: 683–703. DOI: 10.1007/s11109-022-09849-4 Methods Human rights

8. Charles Crabtree, Jeong-Woo Koo, Amanda Murdie, and Kiyoteru Tsutsui. "Why the public supports the human rights of prisoners and asylum seekers: An experimental approach." Political Research Quarterly, 76 (3): 1445–1459. DOI: 10.1177/10659129221143763 Human rights

9. Mia Costa, Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Michelangelo Landgrave. "Is that Ethical? An Exploration of Political Scientists' Views on Research Ethics." Research & Politics, 10 (4). DOI: 10.1177/20531680231209553 Methods

1. Quintin Beazer, Charles Crabtree, Christopher J. Fariss, and Holger L. Kern. "When do private actors engage in censorship? Evidence from a correspondence experiment with Russian private media firms." British Journal of Political Science, 52 (4): 1790–1809. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123421000351 Protest & policing Human rights

2. Yuan Zhou*, Ghashia Kiyani*, and Charles Crabtree. "New evidence that naming and shaming influences state human rights practices." Journal of Human Rights, 22 (4): 451–468. DOI: 10.1080/14754835.2022.2122785 Human rights

3. Ray Block, Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Quin Monson. "Conceptual and empirical issues that arise when using correspondence audits to measure racial discrimination." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119 (38): e2210695119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210695119 Discrimination Methods

4. Charles Crabtree, S. Michael Gaddis, John B. Holbein, and Edvard Nergård Larsen. "Racially distinctive names signal race and class." Sociological Science, 9 (18): 454–472. DOI: 10.15195/V9.A18 Discrimination Methods

5. Kenya Amano*, Melanie Sayuri Dominguez*, Timothy Fraser*, Etienne Gagnon*, Trevor Incerti*, Jinhyuk Jang*, Charles T. McClean, Austin M. Mitchell, Sayumi Miyano*, Colin Moreshead*, Harunobu Saijo*, Diana Stanescu, Ayumi Teraoka*, Hikaru Yamagishi*, Charmaine N. Willis, Yujin Woo, and Charles Crabtree. "Field Research When There's Limited Access to the Field: Lessons from Japan." PS: Political Science & Politics, 56 (1): 99–105. DOI: 10.1017/S1049096522000932 East Asia Methods

6. Kevin L. Cope and Charles Crabtree. "Migrant-family separation and higher-order laws' diverging normative force." The Journal of Legal Studies, 51 (2): 403–426. DOI: 10.1086/721617 Human rights

7. Jinhyuk Jang*, Charles Crabtree, and Sona Golder. "Electoral coalition signals and voter perceptions." Japanese Journal of Political Science, 23 (2): 167–181. DOI: 10.1017/S1468109922000020 East Asia

8. Charles Crabtree. "Building community and improving diversity, equity, and inclusion in political science through virtual workshops." PS: Political Science & Politics, 55 (3): 454–546. DOI: 10.1017/S1049096522000336 Teaching Methods

9. Amy Catalinac, Charles Crabtree, Christina L. Davis, Shinju Fujihira, Yusaku Horiuchi, Phillip Y. Lipscy, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, and Daniel M. Smith. "Workshops without borders: Building an online community of Japan scholars." PS: Political Science & Politics, 55 (3): 555–557. DOI: 10.1017/S1049096522000282 Teaching East Asia

10. Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Quin Monson. "Patient Traits Shape Health-Care Stakeholders' Choices on How to Best Allocate Life-Saving Care." Nature Human Behavior, 6: 244–257. DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01280-9 Discrimination

11. Jay J. Van Bavel, Aleksandra Cichocka, …, Charles Crabtree. …, Ralph A. Zwaan. "National identity predicts public health support during a global pandemic." Nature Communications, 13: 517. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27668-9 [see it animated] Methods Populism

12. Charles Crabtree, Holger L. Kern, and Matt Pietryka. "Sponsorship effects in online surveys." Political Behavior, 44: 257–270. DOI: 10.1007/s11109-020-09620-7 Methods

1. Ray Block, Charles Crabtree, John B. Holbein, and Quin Monson. "Are Americans less likely to reply to emails from Black people relative to white people?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118 (52): e2110347118. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110347118 Discrimination

2. Charles Crabtree and Kiho Muroga, "Measuring gender role attitudes in Japan." Socius. DOI: 10.1177/23780231211057719 East Asia Gender

3. Kristo Leung*, …, and Charles Crabtree. "How Asians React to Discrimination Doesn't Depend on their Party Identification." Socius. DOI: 10.1177/23780231211048023 Discrimination

4. Charles Crabtree and Kostanca Dhima. "Auditing ethics: A cost-benefit framework for audit studies." Political Studies Review, 2 (21): 209–216. DOI: 10.1177/14789299211046153 Methods Discrimination

5. Kristine Eck, Courtenay Conrad, and Charles Crabtree. "Police and political violence." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (10): 1641–1656. DOI: 10.1177/00220027211013083 Protest & policing

6. Kristine Eck, Sophia Hatz, Charles Crabtree, and Atsushi Tago. "Evade and deceive? Citizen responses to surveillance." Journal of Politics, 83 (4): 1545–1558. DOI: 10.1086/715073 Human rights Protest & policing

7. Steven Pfaff, Charles Crabtree, Holger L. Kern, and John B. Holbein. "Do street-level bureaucrats discriminate based on religion? A large-scale correspondence experiment among American public school principals." Public Administration Review, 81 (2): 244–259. DOI: 10.1111/PUAR.13235 Discrimination

1. Kevin L. Cope and Charles Crabtree. "A nationalist backlash to international refugee law: Evidence from a survey experiment in Turkey." Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 17 (4): 752–788. DOI: 10.1111/jels.12269 Human rights Populism

2. Charles Crabtree, Matt Golder, Thomas Gschwend, and Indridi Indridason. "It's Not Only What You Say, It's Also How You Say It: The Strategic Use of Campaign Sentiment." Journal of Politics, 82 (3): 1044–1060. DOI: 10.1086/707613 Methods Gender

3. Kristine Eck and Charles Crabtree. "Gender differences in the prosecution of police brutality: Evidence from a natural experiment." PLOS ONE, 15 (7): e0235894. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235894 Gender Protest & policing

4. D. Alex Hughes, Micah Gell-Redman, Charles Crabtree, Natarajan Krishnaswami*, Diana Rodenberger*, and Guillermo Monge*. "Persistent bias among local election officials." Journal of Experimental Political Science, 7 (3): 179–187. DOI: 10.1017/xps.2019.23 Discrimination

5. Charles Crabtree, Holger L. Kern, and David Siegel. "Cults of Personality, Preference Falsification, and the Dictator's Dilemma." Journal of Theoretical Politics, 32 (3): 409–434. DOI: 10.1177/0951629820927790 Protest & policing

6. Kevin L. Cope, Charles Crabtree, and Christopher J. Fariss. "Patterns of disagreement in state repression measures." Political Science Research and Methods, 8 (1): 178–187. DOI: 10.1017/psrm.2018.62 Methods Human rights

7. Douglas Lemke and Charles Crabtree. "Territorial contenders in world politics." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64 (2-3): 518–544. DOI: 10.1177/0022002719847742 Protest & policing

8. Chuyu Liu, Yue Hou, and Charles Crabtree. "Anti-Muslim bias in the Chinese labor market." Journal of Comparative Economics, 48 (2): 235–250. (lead article) DOI: 10.1016/J.JCE.2019.12.001 Discrimination East Asia

1. Pete Hatemi, Charles Crabtree, and Kevin Smith. "Ideology justifies morality: Political beliefs predict moral foundations." American Journal of Political Science, 63 (4): 788–806. DOI: 10.1111/ajps.12448 Methods Populism

2. Sona Golder, Charles Crabtree, and Kostanca Dhima. "Legislative representation and gender (bias)" Political Science, 71 (1): 1–16. DOI: 10.1080/00323187.2019.1632151 Gender

3. Nicholas Dietrich and Charles Crabtree. "Domestic demand for human rights: Free speech and the freedom–security trade-off." International Studies Quarterly, 63 (2): 346–353. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqz011 Human rights

4. Zhanna Terechshenko, Charles Crabtree, Kristine Eck, and Christopher J. Fariss. "Evaluating the influence of international norms and sanctioning on state respect for rights: A field experiment with foreign embassies." International Interactions, 45 (4): 720–735. DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2019.1622543 Human rights

5. Charles Crabtree and Michael J. Nelson. "Judging judicial review in the American states." State Politics & Policy Quarterly, 19 (3): 287–311. DOI: 10.1177/1532440019826069 Methods

1. Charles Crabtree and Christian Davenport. "Contentious politics in the Trump era." PS: Political Science & Politics, 51 (1): 17. DOI: 10.1017/s104909651700141x Protest & policing

2. Kevin L. Cope, Charles Crabtree, and Yonatan Lupu. "Beyond physical integrity." Law & Contemporary Problems, 81 (4): 185–195. Human rights

3. Volha Chykina and Charles Crabtree. "Using Google Trends to measure issue salience for hard-to-survey populations." Socius, 4: 1–3. DOI: 10.1177/2378023118760414 Methods

4. Charles Crabtree and Holger L. Kern. "Using electromagnetic signal propagation models to calculate radio and television coverage: An introduction." Political Analysis, 26 (3): 348–355. DOI: 10.1017/pan.2018.8 Methods

5. Charles Crabtree and Volha Chykina. "Last name selection in audit studies." Sociological Science, 5: 21–28. DOI: 10.15195/v5.a2 Methods Discrimination

6. Charles Crabtree, Holger L. Kern, and Steven Pfaff. "Mass media and the diffusion of collective action in authoritarian regimes: The June 1953 East German uprising." International Studies Quarterly, 62 (2): 301–314. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqy007 Protest & policing

7. Micah Gell-Redman, Neil Visalvanich, Charles Crabtree, and Christopher J. Fariss. "It's All About Race: How State Legislators Respond to Immigrant Constituents." Political Research Quarterly, 71 (3): 517–531. DOI: 10.1177/1065912917749322 Discrimination

8. Charles Crabtree and Christian Davenport. "Defining the terms of the debate: Repression, oppression, and discrimination." PS: Political Science & Politics, 51 (1): 17–19. DOI: 10.1017/s104909651700141x Discrimination Human rights

1. Daniel M. Butler and Charles Crabtree. "Moving beyond measurement: Adapting audit studies to test bias-reducing interventions." Journal of Experimental Political Science, 4 (1): 57–67. DOI: 10.1017/XPS.2017.11 Methods Discrimination

2. Charles Crabtree and Michael J. Nelson. "plotrr: Functions for making visual exploratory data analysis with nested data easier." Journal of Open Source Software. DOI: 10.21105/joss.00190 Methods

3. Charles Crabtree and Michael J. Nelson. "New evidence for a positive relationship between de facto judicial independence and state respect for empowerment rights." International Studies Quarterly, 61 (1): 210–224. DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqw056 Human rights

4. Charles Crabtree and Matt Golder. "Party system volatility in post-Communist Europe." British Journal of Political Science, 47 (1): 229–234. DOI: 10.1017/S0007123415000344 Methods

5. Pete Hatemi, Charles Crabtree, Rose McDermott. "Does the public's private behavior match their political preferences?" Personality and Individual Differences, 105: 318–325. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.008 Methods

1. Charles Crabtree, Christopher J. Fariss, and Paul Schuler. "The 2015 Belarusian presidential election." Electoral Studies, 42: 304–307. DOI: 10.1016/j.electstud.2016.02.006 Methods

2. Charles Crabtree and Christopher J. Fariss. "Stylized facts and experimentation." Sociological Science, 3: 910–914. DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/r3wqe Methods

1. Charles Crabtree and Christopher J. Fariss. "Uncovering patterns among latent variables: Human rights and judicial independence." Research & Politics, 2 (3): 1–9. DOI: 10.1177/2053168015605343 Methods Human rights

2. Charles Crabtree, David Darmofal, and Holger L. Kern. "A spatial analysis of the impact of West German television on protest mobilization during the East German revolution." Journal of Peace Research, 52 (3): 269–284. DOI: 10.1177/0022343314554245 Protest & policing

3. Christopher J. Fariss, Zachary M. Jones, Fridolin Linder, Charles Crabtree, Megan Biek*, Taranamoll Kaur*, Ana Ross*, and Michael Tsai. "Human rights texts: Converting human rights primary source documents into data." PLOS ONE, 10 (9): e0138935. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138935 Methods Human rights

1. Kiho Muroga and Charles Crabtree. 2022. "Do perceptions of the #MeToo movement influence sexual assault reporting? Experimental evidence from Japan." Keizaigaku=Kenkyu (Journal of Political Economy), 89 (1): 41–52. Methods East Asia Gender

1. Kevin L. Cope and Charles Crabtree. 2021. "Knowing the Law." University of Chicago Review Online. Methods

1. Charles Crabtree, Jae Yeon Kim, and Valentina González-Rostani. "Failing faster, learning better." In AI and the Future of Quantitative Social Science. Under contract with CRC Press. (Forthcoming.) AI Methods

2. Dan Butler and Charles Crabtree. 2020. "Audit experiments." In Advances in Experimental Political Science, James Druckman and Donald Green (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Methods

3. Charles Crabtree. 2018. "An introduction to email audit studies." In S. Michael Gaddis (ed.) Audit Studies: Behind the Scenes with Theory, Method, and Nuance. New York: Springer, Methodos Series. Methods

1. Peter Chai and Charles Crabtree. "Descriptive and substantive representation: The case of Japan's first female prime minister." Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. East Asia Gender

2. Charles Crabtree and Maria Proulx*. "Making independent study multimodal: A video-first approach in political science." Political Science Educator. Methods

3. Charles Crabtree, Devontae Lacasse*, Eleanor Schifino*, and Jayanth Uppaluri*. "Lab-style thesis advising in political science: A scalable model for student research." Political Science Educator. Methods

4. Charles Crabtree, Matt Golder, Thomas Gschwend, and Indridi Indridason. Fall 2018. "Strategic campaign sentiment." CP: Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Organized Section of the American Political Science Association, 28 (2): 18–25. Methods

5. Charles Crabtree. Spring 2018. "Introduction: The comparative politics of policing." CP: Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Organized Section of the American Political Science Association, 28 (1): 3–11. Methods

6. Charles Crabtree and Kostanca Dhima. Spring 2017. "Testing theories of group consciousness." CP: Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Organized Section of the American Political Science Association, 27 (1): 15–20. Methods

7. Margaret H. Ariotti and Charles Crabtree. Spring 2016. "Improving the interpretability and research transparency of maps." CP: Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Organized Section of the American Political Science Association, 26 (1): 65–72. Methods

1. Charles Crabtree (Editor). 2022. "Improving research through virtual workshops." PS: Political Science & Politics, 55 (3): 545–563. Methods

2. Kristine Eck, Courtenay Conrad, and Charles Crabtree (Editors). 2021. "Policing and political violence." Journal of Conflict Resolution, 65 (10): 1641–1763. Methods

3. Charles Crabtree (Guest-Editor) and Matt Golder and Sona Golder (Editors). Spring 2018. "The comparative politics of policing." CP: Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Organized Section of the American Political Science Association, 28 (1): 1–92. Methods

4. Charles Crabtree and Christian Davenport (Editors). 2018. "Contentious politics in the Trump era." PS: Political Science & Politics, 51 (1): 17–25. Protest & policing

5. Charles Crabtree and Carly Wayne (Editors). 2017. Virtual Special Issue on "Experimentation in conflict and peace studies." Conflict Management and Peace Studies. Methods